![]() ![]() ![]() Amino acid composition and concentration differ depending on plant species and environmental conditions ( Baker, 1977 Gardener and Gillman, 2002 Suni et al., 2020 Venjakob et al., 2020). After sugars, amino acids are the most abundant nutrients in nectar ( Heil, 2011). In addition to sugars (mainly glucose, fructose, and sucrose), nectar also contains amino acids, minerals, and secondary metabolites in lower quantities ( Nicolson and Thornburg, 2007 Parachnowitsch et al., 2019). Nectar consists in a sweet aqueous solution and represents the major energy source for pollinating insects. The major pollinators in temperate regions are bees (Hymenoptera, Anthophila), which exclusively depend on pollen and nectar resources for their survival ( Michener, 2007 Brodschneider and Crailsheim, 2010 Nicolson, 2011 Vaudo et al., 2015 IPBES, 2016).įloral resources for pollinators include nectar and pollen. Given that most angiosperms depend on insects for reproduction ( Ollerton et al., 2011 IPBES, 2016), climate-driven alterations in plant–pollinator interactions could have severe ecological and economic consequences globally ( Potts et al., 2010 Settele et al., 2016). Plant–pollinator interactions rely on floral traits and resources ( Michener, 2007), which may be disrupted by plant stress responses. Climate-induced abiotic stresses can trigger physiological and morphological changes in flowering plants ( Scaven and Rafferty, 2013 Pandey et al., 2015 Lamaoui et al., 2018), especially during plant reproductive phases ( Barnabás et al., 2008 Scheepens et al., 2018). We discuss these modifications in floral resources in regards to plant–pollinator interactions and consequences on plant pollination success and on insect nutritional needs.ĭrought combined with heatwaves are expected to increase in both frequency and intensity under climate change ( IPCC, 2018 Spinoni et al., 2018). In both pollen and nectar, the relative percentage of the different amino acids were modified under stresses. Both temperature rise and water stress increased the total amino acid concentration and the essential amino acid percentage in nectar but not in pollen. Temperature rise but not water stress also induced a 50% decrease in pollen weight per flower but a 65% increase in pollen polypeptide concentration. Nectar volume decreased with both temperature rise and water stress (6.1 ± 0.5 μl per flower under control conditions, 0.8 ± 0.1 μl per flower under high temperature and water stress conditions), resulting in a 60% decrease in the total quantity of nectar sugars (mg) produced per flower. ![]() We investigated the impact of temperature rise (+3 and +6☌) and water stress (soil humidity lower than 15%) on the floral resources produced by the bee-pollinated species Borago officinalis. While many mechanisms may underlie pollinator decline in the wake of climate change, the interactive effects of temperature and water stress on the quantity and quality of floral nectar and pollen resources remain poorly studied. ![]() In temperate ecosystems, elevated temperatures, and drought occur especially during spring and summer, which are crucial periods for flowering, pollination, and reproduction of a majority of temperate plants. Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.Charlotte Descamps *, Muriel Quinet and Anne-Laure Jacquemart * ![]()
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